System and method for pipe repair

ABSTRACT

A system and method of repairing a pipe including securing a reinforcing material, such as a dry fiber structure (e.g., a carbon fibers) to the surface of the pipe. A polymeric material is placed on top of the reinforcing material, self-penetrating the dry fiber structure. The polymeric material substantially saturates the reinforcing material and cures to form a reinforced polymeric composite which may increase or restore the pressure rating or operating pressure capacity of the pipe. Optionally, an outer containment component, such as a sleeve, shell, box, wall, outer pipe, and so on, may be installed around the reinforcing material prior to introduction of the polymeric material. In this case, the polymeric material may be placed (i.e., poured) into the interior of the containment component on top of the reinforcing material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to pipe repair. More particularly, theinvention relates to techniques for efficiently repairing a pipe withfiber-reinforced polymeric material.

This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects ofart that may be related to various aspects of the present invention,which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed tobe helpful in providing the reader with background information tofacilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the presentinvention. Accordingly, it should be understood that these statementsare to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.

Piping is omnipresent in today's society. Piping is found in a widerange of residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Forexample, piping may be employed in utility distribution, manufacturingprocesses, chemical/petrochemical transport, energy transmission,plumbing, heating and cooling, sewage systems, as well as in therecovery of spent chemicals/compounds, such as discharges of exhaustedchemicals, contaminated water, and so forth. In operation, piping withinfacilities and over longer distances, may serve to collect, distribute,and transport water, steam, chemicals, petrochemicals, crude oil,natural gas, and a variety of other liquids, gases, and components.

Piping systems, such as pipelines, may convey utilities, energy, andchemical/petrochemical components to industrial patrons, manufacturingsites, chemical/refining facilities, commercial entities, publicinstitutions, consumers, and so on. Undeniably, pipelines (e.g.,transmission pipelines) have played a beneficial role in improvingproductivity in delivery of resources. Indeed, world economies depend onthe capability of pipelines to transport feedstocks and products to adiverse range of customers and end-users.

Peak construction of pipelines (e.g., gas and liquid petroleumpipelines) occurred 30-40 years ago, with a majority of these pipelines,including many constructed prior to World War II, still in service. As aresult of their age, maintaining the integrity of the aging pipelineinfrastructures is costly. Annual costs attributable to mitigatingpipeline corrosion and other pipeline failures, potential failures, andanomalies, are in the billions of dollars. Economic considerations ofpipeline repair may include labor, material, equipment requirements,available capital, economic return, repair life, pipeline downtime, andso forth. As expected, the economics of pipeline repair can have asignificant impact on pipeline productivity.

Pipe failures and damage may be caused by mechanical harm, corrosion,erosion, damaged coatings, failing insulation, adverse operatingconditions, weather, and so on. Internal erosion, for example, may occurdue to the flow of the contents through the pipeline. Such erosion maybe exacerbated by centrifugal forces associated with changes in thedirection of the flow path. In regard to corrosion, the external surfaceof piping may be exposed to corrosive soil or above-ground corrosiveenvironments, and the internal surface of piping may be exposed tocorrosive contents. Significantly, erosion, corrosion, and other damagemay reduce the wall thickness of the pipe and thus reduce the pressurerating or pressure-holding capacity of the pipe or pipeline.Accordingly, the operations and maintenance personnel of pipelinecompanies (e.g., gas transmission companies) may determine if a failureor an area of potential failure discovered in a pipeline should berepaired, if a section of the pipe should be replaced, or if thepipeline should be abandoned.

In evaluating repair decisions, pipeline operators and service providerstypically consider the pipeline downtime, pipe specifications, the pipearea to be repaired, buried conditions, the above-ground environment,the contents of the piping or pipeline, pipeline operating conditions,and the like. Of course, the pipeline operators and service providersshould accommodate regulatory constraints, appropriate industrystandards, manufacturer recommendations, and so on. Moreover, themaintenance approach ultimately selected may involve repair of a leak orother failure, or the preemptive repair of a pipe area prior to failure(e.g., leak, rupture, etc.) of the pipeline. Finally, in an effort tomaintain pipeline integrity while being mindful of costs, theenvironment, regulatory constraints, and so on, the pipeline operatorsand service providers typically assess the maintenance, replacement, andrepair of piping/pipelines based on available engineering alternativesand the economic impact of those alternatives. In the case of a repair,several technologies, application techniques, and materials areavailable.

Common repair technologies employ metal sleeves that are disposed abouta section of a pipe to reinforce the pipe. Both welded sleeves andnon-welded (mechanical) sleeves may be installed over varying lengthsand diameters of piping to repair pipe leaks and other failures. Also,sleeves may preemptively repair potential pipe failures, reinforce pipeareas of internal and external corrosion, upgrade the pressure rating ofthe piping, and so forth. In general, established sleeve techniques,whether utilizing sleeves welded in place around the pipe, or employingsleeves mechanically secured to the pipe without welding, offer theadvantage of being familiar repair approaches in the industry. In therepair of pipelines, operators, engineers, and craftsman are accustomedto working with welded fittings for welded sleeves, as well as withmechanical devices and clamps for non-welded sleeves. Unfortunately, thetraining of personnel in the suitable mechanical and welding techniquesis extensive for proper installation of the sleeves. Further, non-weldedand welded sleeve repair of pipelines may result in embrittlement andresidual stresses at the point of repair on the pipeline.

For welded sleeves, the sleeves may be welded around the pipe to berepaired, encasing the pipe segment to be reinforced. The mating edgesof the sleeve halves may be welded to each other, and the ends of theerected sleeve welded to the pipe, to seal and secure the welded sleeveto the pipe. It should be emphasized that a variety of weldingconfigurations other than the generic approach described above may beemployed in installing the welded sleeve. Costs associated with weldingrepairs, including welded-sleeve repairs (e.g., on high-pressuretransmission pipelines), may be attributed to the use of highly-skilledwelders, the shutdown and deinventory of the pipeline, and the shutdownof associated manufacturing facilities, chemical/petrochemicalprocesses, and so on.

Generally, it is desirable from an operating cost standpoint to repairpiping while the pipeline remains in service, thus eliminating costlydowntime. Repair techniques that avoid welding or cutting of the pipe,for example, may make it feasible to maintain the pipeline in serviceduring the repair and thus avoid the costs associated with pipelinedowntime. It should be emphasized that a shutdown of a pipeline forrepair can potentially force the shutdown of upstream and downstreamfacilities, resulting in lost production, lost sales, shutdown andstartup costs, and so forth.

Non-welded sleeves address this concern, because they generally do notrequire welding or cutting. Non-welded reinforcement sleeves aremechanically coupled to the pipe section to be repaired. In other words,these non-welded sleeves (also called mechanical sleeves) may bepositioned and secured to the pipe by clamps, bolts, and so on.Regrettably, the use of non-welded sleeves may require exotic mechanicaltechniques to adequately secure the repair and pipe pressure rating, andthus may be more cumbersome and complicated than welding techniques. Asa result, pipe repair with non-welded sleeves may be more expensive thanrepair with welded sleeves. However, repair with non-welded sleeves mayadvantageously avoid welding at the on-site repair, such as in pipelineareas and in chemical/petrochemical process areas, for example. Further,as indicated, non-welding approaches generally permit uninterruptedoperation of the pipeline. On the other hand, in certain configurationsfor non-welded (mechanical) sleeves, the pipeline may be deinventoriedif significant mechanical force is to be applied to the pipe or becauseof other factors during installation of the non-welded sleeve.

Unfortunately, the special case of repair of piping elbows, piping tees,pipeline bends, and so on, is problematic for both welded and mechanical(non-welded) sleeves due to the difficultly of placing a rigid metalsleeve around the curved pipe bend to be repaired. Further, the rigidmetal sleeves may be unable to make adequate contact at the pipelinebends, and thus be unable to reinforce the stressed points thattypically exist at the pipeline bends. Furthermore, it may be may bedifficult to appropriately match the radius of curvatures of the outermetal sleeve and the pipeline elbow or bend. To avoid these problemswith installing sleeves at pipeline bends, a weld filler metal (in lieuof a sleeve) may be deposited on the bend (e.g., in a cavity of ananomaly) but such welded filler repairs are generally appropriate onlyfor limited ranges of pipeline operating pressures and wall thicknesses.

As can be seen from the discussion in the paragraphs above, a variety ofchallenges exist with welded and non-welded (mechanical) sleeves. On thewhole, these established techniques of using reinforcement sleeves,whether welded or non-welded, tend to be costly, require highly skilledlabor, result in increased pipe stresses, and increase the need tointerrupt pipeline service. A need exists for improved techniques ofpipe repair.

In response to the problems and challenges associated with theconventional approaches of welded and non-welded sleeves in the repairof both straight pipe and pipe bends, new technologies have emerged thatinvolve coatings and the use of high-strength plastics, fiber-reinforcedplastics, composite materials, and the like. Such polymeric repairs mayreduce costs and provide for less embrittlement and residual stresses ofthan traditional welded and mechanical sleeves. Furthermore, polymericcomposites, for example, generally do not oxidize and, consequently, mayarrest further external corrosion of the treated area of the pipeline.Moreover, as a result of the growing using of composite repair systems,particularly in the oil and gas transportation industry, the AmericanSociety of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) is currently in the process ofsetting standards for non-metallic wrap technology including developmentof a new post-construction repair standard. Currently, a draft of thenew ASME standard specifies that several material properties of therepair system are to be measured and evaluated.

It should be noted that resin alone (without reinforcing materials)typically does not provide adequate strength for pipe repair, especiallyin the repair of medium and high pressure pipelines. Accordingly, ingeneral, polymer repair systems are based on a matrix composite fabricwith epoxy materials and other resins, creating a monolithic structurearound the damaged pipe. In general, a variety of fibers, polymers,resins, pre-polymers, adhesives, and other components may be used toform a composite material structure around the damaged portion of thepipe. In particular, composite repair systems typically employ glassfibers and offer the potential to reduce repair costs of corroded pipesby avoiding costly mechanical sleeves, welding, and downtime.

As discussed below, however, fabrication of these composite repairstends to be labor intensive. For example, each layer of the fiber iswetted with dripping resin prior to wrapping the fiber around the pipe.Several layers of fiber and resin (also referred to herein as polymer)are methodically applied by hand one layer at a time, with the fibersslowly and carefully pre-wetted in resin prior to the application ofeach fiber layer. For example, the fiber (e.g., fiber tape) may bepulled through a bath of polymer (e.g., epoxy resin) as the fiber iscumbersomely applied to the pipe. Such tedious handling and openinstallations pose environmental and application challenges, increasedhandling of resin chemicals and solvents, increased labor time, and thelike.

In addition, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, theworker should be aware of the resin pot life (i.e., resin set-up time inminutes or hours) where the viscosity of the resin significantlyincreases as the pot life expires, making it difficult to properly applythe resin to the fiber, and to effectively mold and form the polymerresin composite. The resin pot life should not be confused with theresin cure time which is the time for the resin to form a cross-linkedthermoset, typically occurring a day or several days later. The pot life(and associated increase in viscosity) of such resin systems maytypically only comprise a few minutes. Undoubtedly, an installation notcompleted prior to expiration of the resin pot life could result in aflawed composite structure surrounding the pipe and pipe anomaly.

In general, a tension exists between the technique of slow andcumbersome pre-wetting and application of the fiber, layer-by-layer,versus the relatively hasty formation of the viscous resin structure dueto expiration of the resin pot life and associated increase inviscosity. Thus, in pipe composite repair, many fiber and resin systemsare difficult to mold and shape into the appropriate composite structurethat overlay the pipe and pipe anomaly.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other advantages and features of the invention willbecome apparent upon reading the following detailed description and uponreference to the drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary method of repairing a pipe inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a pipe under repair that illustrates adry fiber mat being applied to the pipe in accordance with an exemplaryembodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the pipe of FIG. 1 depicting the dryfiber not wrapped around and secured to the pipe in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the pipe of FIG. 2 having sealsinstalled on the pipe in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of the pipe of FIG. 3illustrating an outer component (e.g., shell) for containing resin andhaving two halves.

FIG. 6 is perspective view of the pipe of FIG. 4 having the outercomponent installed around the pipe and mating with the seals inaccordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the pipe of FIG. 5 taken along line6-6 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a pipe repair system applied to an elbowor bend of a piping system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 9 is an exploded view of a portion of the pipe of FIG. 5illustrating in more detail an exemplary connection of two halves of theouter component in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 10 is perspective view of a portion of the pipe having an alternateouter component and alternate connection disposed on the outer componentin accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10A is a detailed view of a portion of FIG. 10;

FIGS. 11 and 12 are alternate cross-sectional views taken along sectionline A-A of FIG. 5 showing details of one end of the pipe having a hoseclamp to secure the outer component around the repaired pipe inaccordance with exemplary embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an exemplary fastener (in lieu of ahose clamp) for fastening the outer component around the repaired pipe,the outer component used to retain the resin in accordance with anexemplary embodiment of the present invention; and

FIG. 14 is a plot of resin viscosity versus time, and is an indicationof resin pot life in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

One or more exemplary embodiments of the present invention will bedescribed below. In an effort to provide a concise description of theseembodiments, not all features of an actual implementation are describedin the specification. It should be appreciated that in the developmentof any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or designproject, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made toachieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance withsystem-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from oneimplementation to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that sucha development effort might be complex and time consuming, but wouldnevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, andmanufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of thisdisclosure.

To facilitate discussion of the present techniques, the writtendescription is provided in sections. Section I discusses parts of anexemplary pipe repair system. Section II discusses pipe anomalies andpipeline survey techniques. Section III discusses properties ofexemplary reinforcing materials. Finally, Section IV discusses exemplarypolymer materials that may be used in pipe repair systems.

I. Pipe Repair System

The present techniques provide for efficient pipe repair by forming areinforced polymeric composite on the pipe while avoiding the typicalextensive handling of the repair materials associated with compositerepair. Initially, a section of the pipe to be repaired is identified.To implement the repair, a reinforcing material (e.g., a fiberstructure) may be applied to the surface of the pipe section to berepaired. In certain embodiments, the reinforcing material is wrappedaround the pipe but it may be applied in other forms, such as a patch.The reinforcing material is applied in a dry state to avoid problemsassociated with the handling of wet materials (e.g., resin-saturatedfiber). The resin may then be applied to the reinforcing material on thepipe. For example, the resin may be applied with a brush, or aftersecuring the reinforcing material to the pipe, an outer containmentcomponent (e.g., a sleeve, shell, box, wall, outer pipe, etc.) may beinstalled adjacent or around the reinforcing material. In the latterinstance, a polymeric material, polymer precursor, and/or pre-polymer,and so on, is placed between the containment component and thereinforcing material. It should be emphasized that the term “polymericmaterial” as used herein is intended to broadly cover a variety ofpolymers, prepolymers, resins, hardeners, plastics, compounded mixtures,and so forth

In certain configurations, a fluid or semi-fluid polymeric material ispoured inside the containment component on top of the reinforcingmaterial. The polymeric material penetrates the reinforcing structureprior to any significant increase in viscosity of the polymericmaterial. The properties of the reinforcing and polymeric materials maybe selected such that the polymeric material penetrates or saturates thereinforcing structure by gravity, capillary behavior, external pressure,and so on. Lastly, the polymeric material may be allowed to cure orpolymerize, forming a reinforced polymer composite that repairs the pipeand restores operating pressure capacity of the pipe or pipeline.

A. Identify Pipe Anomaly and Apply Dry Fiber Structure to Pipe

Turning to the drawings, FIGS. 1-7 depict an exemplary implementation ofa pipe repair system 10 which may be used to repair and/or reinforce apipe, increase the wall thickness of a pipe, restore or increase thepressure rating or pressure capacity of a pipe, repair a vessel or otherequipment, and so on. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a method 1 forrepairing a pipe, and will be referred to in the discussion of theexemplary techniques depicted in FIGS. 2-7. Initially, an anomaly may bedetected on the inner or outer surface of the pipe, and thus the portionof the pipe to be repaired identified, as indicated in block 2. Uponidentification and analysis of the anomaly (and prior to application ofa reinforcing material such as a dry fiber structure), the anomaly maybe pre-treated in some manner, such as by cleaning the anomaly, grindingor sanding the anomaly, placing filler material in the anomaly, and soon. With or without pre-treatment of the anomaly, the dry fiberstructure (e.g., dry fiber tape or a patch) without impregnated resinmay be applied or wrapped around the anomaly in the pipe (block 3). Thedry fiber structure may be secured at each end by standard adhesives ortape for example.

In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 2 and 3, a dry fiber structure 12(e.g., a dry fiber tape, mat, fabric, etc.) is applied to a pipe 14having a failure or anomaly 16. The pipe 14 may be part of a pipeline 30(e.g., a gas or liquid transmission pipeline) and may be constructed ofa variety of metallic and/or non-metallic materials, such as cement,plastics, and so on. Exemplary pipe metals may include steel, carbonsteel, stainless steel, copper, brass, and more exotic metals such asnickel alloys and other metal alloys, and the like. Exemplary pipepolymeric materials include polypropylene, polyethylene, otherthermoplastics, thermosets, filler-reinforced polymers,fiberglass-reinforced plastic, and so on. The pipe 14 may also includeinternal and external coatings (not illustrated) to arrest corrosion,inhibit exposure to sunlight, protect against chemical attack, and soforth. Lastly, as indicated, the wall thickness 26 of the pipe 14 may bespecified to satisfy a desired pressure rating of the pipe 14 and thepiping system (e.g., pipeline 30).

In this example, the dry fiber structure 12 may be initially secured tothe pipe 14 with an adhesive component 18, such as a typical adhesive ortape previously mentioned. For instance, upon securing one end of thedry fiber structure 12, one or more layers of the dry fiber structure 12may be wrapped around the pipe 14 to initiate the repair of the failureor anomaly 16 and/or to restore some or all of the pressure rating orpressure capacity of the pipe 14. In general, the dry fiber structure 12covers the outer surface 22 of a portion of the pipe 14 to be repaired.It should be emphasized that the dry fiber structure 12 may be appliedas a patch or other forms instead of wrapped around the pipe. Moreover,the dry fiber structure 12 and repair system 10 may be applied toequipment other than piping, such as vessels, vessel nozzles, machines,tanks, pumps, reactors, and so forth. In the case of a pipe 14, the pipe14 typically includes a cylindrical wall 20 having an outer surface 22and an inner surface 24. Variables to consider in the selection of thedry fiber structure 12 to restore or maintain the desired pressurerating of the pipe 14 include the wall thickness 26, the inside diameter28, the materials of construction of the pipe 14, and other factors.

To reinforce or repair the pipe 14, the present techniques provide for asubstantially self-forming composite of the dry fiber structure 12 andresin on the outer surface 22 of the pipe 14. As discussed in detailbelow, properties of the dry fiber structure 12 and resin may bespecified such that hand or wet lay-up is not required because the resinpenetrates around the fibers within the dry fiber structure 12 to theouter surface of the pipe 14. Thus, the resin may be applied on top ofthe fiber structure without having to pre-wet the fibers or layers ofthe fiber structure. Again, the cumbersome handling of wet drippingfiber may be advantageously avoided.

B. Install Seals and Outer Containment Component on Pipe

Referring now to the method 1 depicted in FIG. 1 and the pipe repairdepicted in FIGS. 4-6, seals or seal ends 32, such as flexible rubberstrips, metal components, and other elements, may be installed atportions of the pipe 14, such as upstream and downstream of the wrappedand secured dry fiber structure 12 (block 4). Before or after the seals32 are installed, a containment component 36, such as a sleeve, shell,box, container, and so forth, may be positioned around the portion ofthe pipe 14 having the dry fabric structure 12. The containmentcomponent 36 mates with the seals 32 to form a substantially sealablecavity between the inner surface of the containment component 36 and theouter surface of the pipe 14 and fiber structure 12 (block 5).Furthermore, the containment component 36 may be secured to the pipe 14,for example, by positioning a simple hose clamp or a more sophisticatedfastener at each longitudinal end of the containment component (block5). Such clamping devices on the containment component 36 may alsofacilitate compression of the seals 32 and thus advance the integrity ofthe seals 32.

The exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 4, 5, and 6 depict seals 32 disposedin the exemplary pipe repair system 10 toward each end of the section ofthe pipe 14 to be repaired. In this embodiment, the exemplary seals 32(e.g., rubber strips) are flexible so that they may be wrapped aroundthe pipe 14 and positioned longitudinally along the pipe 14 outside ofthe dry fiber 12 wraps. Again, a purpose of the seals 32 is tofacilitate formation of a substantially sealable cavity between thesection of pipe 14 that includes the dry fiber structure 12 and theinner surface of an outer Containment component 36. The cavity mayreceive a resin or other polymeric material that penetrates through thedry fiber structure 12 to the outer surface 22 of the pipe 14,ultimately curing into a composite repair of the pipe 14. It should bestressed that sealing configurations other than the exemplary seals 32may be employed in the present techniques. For example, a foam materialmay plug the ends between the pipe 14 and the containment component 36.On the other hand, in pressurized containment component 36 systems, forexample, more sophisticated seals, such as mechanical seals, may beemployed, and so on.

An exemplary containment component 36 having two halves 36A and 36B isillustrated in FIG. 4. The halves 36A and 36B include end surfaces 34Aand 34B which mate to encase the pipe 14 segment and the dry fiberstructure 12. The containment component 36 may be constructed of thinmetal (e.g., ⅛″ sheet metal), piping (e.g., standard carbon steelpiping), plastic, fabric, and so on. The containment component 36 isinstalled around the dry fiber structure 12 of pipe 14. In theillustrated embodiment, the two halves 36A and 36B of the containmentcomponent 36 are connected at end surfaces 34A and 34B of thecontainment component 36. The fastening element 37 that secures the twocontainment component halves 36A and 36B at the half end surfaces 34Aand 34B may be welded, bolted, fastened, stapled, glued, and so on.

Moreover, it should be noted that the containment component 36 mayinstead comprise a single piece or more than two pieces, as well as avariety of configurations. Indeed, if it is decided to contain the resin41, the containment component 36 may be fabric, pre-coiled metal tape,metal or plastic sleeves, cylindrical collars, clamps, hollow segments,and so on.

C. Apply Resin and Allow Resin to Penetrate the Dry Fiber Structure

Referring now to FIG. 1 and FIG. 6, during the repair, resin 41 may bepoured inside the containment component 36 through openings or filltubes, for example, with the resin 41 initially resting on top of thedry fiber structure 12 disposed on the pipe 14 (block 6). The resinviscosity, pot life, and other properties may be specified such that theresin penetrates into and around the fibers by gravity, by capillaryaction, or by applying pressure (block 7). In general, simply allowingthe resin to impregnate the fibers by gravity and/or capillary actionmay provide for ease of installation relative to techniques in which thecontainment component 36 is pressurized to assist in resin impregnationof the dry fiber structure 12. However, additional pressure, asindicated, may be applied, such as with an external pumping mechanism(not shown), or by pushing or squeezing a flexible shell (e.g., fabric,plastic, etc.) against the resin, and so on. Ultimately, the resin curesto form a composite or matrix of the resin and fiber to repair theanomaly, advance the integrity of the piping system, and/or to restoreoperating pressure capability of the piping system (block 8).

To deposit the resin 41 into the containment component 36, openings 38and 40 in the containment component 36, as illustrated in FIG. 6, mayreceive resin and/or displace air. For example, a polymeric material orresin 41 may be poured into the opening 38, while air in the cavitywithin the containment component 36 escapes through the opening 40 asthe air in the cavity is displaced by the incoming resin 41.Alternatively, a single opening in the containment component 36 insteadof two openings, or more than two openings in the containment component36, may be utilized to add resin 41. Furthermore, sealable openings atother portions of the repair system 10, such as at the seals 32, may beused to add resin 41 inside the containment component 36.

The openings 38 and 40 may comprise fittings 42 and 44 or otherconnectors configured to receive tubes 46 and 48 that facilitate thefilling of resin 41 and/or the displacement of air. In the illustratedembodiment of FIG. 6, resin 41 is poured into opening 38 via fill tube46, as depicted by reference arrow 60. Air is displaced from inside thecontainment component 36 out opening 40 via tube 48, as depicted byreference arrow 62.

It should be understood that the use of the containment member 36 ismerely one example of how the resin 41 may be applied to the dry fiberstructure 12 on the pipe 14. Other alternatives include applying theresin to the dry fiber structure 12 using a brush, for example, afterthe dry fiber structure 12 has been placed on the pipe 12. While thisalternative does provide for containment of the resin, it provides aless expensive repair because the containment member 36 is not used.

D. Exemplary Layers of Pipe Repair

The exemplary layers of the pipe repair system 10 are depicted in FIG.7, a cross-sectional view of the pipe repair system 10 taken alongsection line 7-7 in FIG. 6. In the center of the cross-section is thepipe 14 having an inside surface 24. Upon completion of the pipe repairsystem 10, the initially dry fiber structure 12 disposed on the pipe 14is substantially saturated with the now cured resin 41. Further, thecured resin 41 also sits atop the dry fiber structure 12 within thecontainment component 36. Together, the resin 41 and fiber structure 12form a matrix or composite on the pipe 14 and within the containmentcomponent 36.

The containment component 36 may remain installed or be removed,depending on the particular application. To remove the containmentcomponent 36, the containment component 36 may be cut, the fasteningelements 37 dismantled, and so forth. It should be noted that if thecontainment component 36 remains, it is typically the outer component ofthe repair system 10. In this case, the outer surface 54 of thecontainment component 36 is the outer surface of the pipe repair system10. Again, however, the containment component 36 may be removed.

E. Repair of Pipe Elbows and Pipe Bends

Finally, it should be noted that the pipe repair system 10, as depictedin FIG. 8, may be advantageously applied to an elbow 142 of a pipe 144.Again, as with the pipe 14 of previous figures, the pipe 144 (and elbow142) may comprise a portion of a pipeline 30 and include an outersurface 148 and an inner surface 150. However, as appreciated by thoseof ordinary skill in the art, the change in direction of the elbow 142of the pipe 144 poses additional repair challenges. Nonetheless, thepresent techniques apply to repair of pipe elbows 142, other pipe bends,and other irregularly shaped objects in need of repair.

The containment component 146 depicted in this alternate embodiment mayinclude openings 152 and 154 for pouring resin inside the containmentcomponent 146, as well as for displacing air from within the containmentcomponent 146. Furthermore, as previously discussed, the containmentcomponent 36 may include fittings 156 and 158 at the openings 142 and154, as well as fill tubes and/or air tubes 160 and 162. Finally, thoughnot illustrated, the pipe repair system 10 depicted in FIG. 8 willgenerally include the fiber structure 12 and resin 41 forming acomposite over a anomaly on the pipe elbow 142, for example, under thecontainment component 146.

F. Containment Component Configurations and Fasteners

FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate examples of how the containment component 36may be secured in the pipe repair system 10. In FIG. 9, the containmentcomponent 36 may be a thin material, such as sheet metal or plastic, andso on, having flanges 80 that mate to piece the two halves 36A and 36Btogether. The flanges 80 have holes 82 configured to receive bolts 84that mate with nuts 86. Optionally, a gasket material 88 having holes 90may be used to improve the seal between the two halves 36A and 36B ofthe containment component 36. It should be emphasized that thecontainment component 36 may not comprise two separate halves, butinstead comprise a single structure having a hinge on one side, forexample, and enclosed with a flange on the other side.

As depicted in FIG. 10, the containment component 36 may be a singlepiece or wide strip of material. The containment component 36 may be aflexible or semi-flexible material, such as sheet metal, plastic sheet,fabric roll, and so on. To encase the portion of the pipe 14 to berepaired, the flexible containment component 36 strip is wrapped aroundthe pipe 14. An end 100 of the containment component 36 strip overlapsthe other end of the containment component 36. To better illustrate thedetail of the overlap seal of the containment component 36 strip, FIG.10A depicts an exploded view of the pipe repair system 10 showing thestrip end 100 of containment component 36. To complete the installationof the containment component 36, a hose clamp 68 or other component maysecure the containment component 36 strip wrapped around the portion ofthe pipe 14 having the dry fiber structure 12. Optionally, a sealingmaterial 102 or resin 41 may further secure and seal the strip end 100of the containment component 36 in the pipe repair system 10.

Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, a cross section taken along section lineA-A at an end of the pipe repair system 10 in FIG. 10 depicts exemplarystabilizing alternatives of the containment component 36. In FIG. 11,for example, a hose clamp 68 wraps around an end of the containmentcomponent 36 to secure the containment component 36 in the system 10.The clamp 68 may also further compress the seals 32 to reduce thepotential for escape of resin 41 from the containment component 36. Inthe illustrated embodiment of FIG. 11, the hose clamp 68 has a typicalscrew 70 for tightening the clamp 68 around the containment component36. Moreover, an optional surface 72 on the seal 32 may facilitatesealing of the resin 41 cavity.

Similarly, FIG. 12 depicts the pipe repair system 10 having features,similar to that of FIG. 11, however, with a lip 112 formed on the end ofthe flexible containment component 36. Such a lip 112, for example, mayfacilitate installation and positioning of the containment component 36,as well as advance the integrity of the seal 32, substantiallypreventing escape of resin 41 from the pipe repair system 10. Moreover,formation of such a lip 112 with a thin containment component 36 (e.g.,sheet metal) may be relatively straightforward.

An alternate exemplary fastener 120 for fastening the containmentcomponent 36 around the pipe 14 is depicted in FIG. 13. The exemplaryfastener 120 may be used with different types of containment components36. For example, the fastener 120 may be used in lieu of the hose clamp68 to secure a flexible containment component 36. On the other hand, thefastener 120 may be used to secure a more rigid and/or thick pipe-typecontainment component 36 in the repair system 10. Moreover, thefastening element 120 may be integral to or part of the containmentcomponent 36, and not an independent component.

The components of the fastener 120 may include two pieces, for example,having an outer surface 122. A hole 124 and receptacle 126 may beprovided on one of the pieces of fastener 120 to receive a screw or bolt132. In this embodiment, the screw 132 may enter the receptacle 126through an interior tube 128 through hole 124 and with the threadedportion of bolt 132 received by the female threaded cavity 130 in theother piece of the fastener 120.

It should be emphasized that a variety of fastening elements, such ashose clamp 68, fastening element 120, welded elements, glue, adhesives,staples, flanges, bolts, screws, and other components, may be used tosecure the containment component 36 in the pipe repair system 10. Suchfastening components and elements may also provide compressive force ofthe containment component 36 against the seals 32 (e.g., seal ends) toprovide for effective sealing of the resin within the cavity formedbetween the inner surface of the containment component 36 and the outersurface 22 pipe 14.

G. Resin/Fiber Embodiments of the Pipe Repair System

In certain embodiments of the pipe repair system 10, the reinforcingmaterial is a dry fiber structure and the polymeric material is a resin(e.g., an epoxy system). Appropriately specified dry fibers and liquidresins provide for a self-developing composite formed on the pipe 14. Inconstruction, one or more layers of a dry fiber structure 12 are appliedor wrapped around the pipe 14. Resin 41 is disposed, applied, or pouredon top of the fiber structure 12 (i.e., within an outer shell, forexample). Significantly, no pre-wetting of layers of dry fiber structure12 with resin 41 is required. Thus, the cumbersome handling and wetlay-up of a resin-saturated wet fiber may be advantageously avoided.Again, the properties of the resin 41 and dry fiber structure 12, asdiscussed, may be designated so that the resin 41 penetrates through thelayers of the dry fiber structure 12 to the pipe 14 surface without theuntidy hand lay-up of wet fiber saturated or impregnated with resin.Finally, it should be again emphasized that in addition to the repair orreinforcement of piping, the present techniques apply to the repair orreinforcement of vessels, vessel nozzles, other equipment, and so on.

FIG. 14 is a plot 170 of resin viscosity 172 in centipoises (cP), forexample, versus time 174 in minutes, for example. The plot 170 may berepresentative of the pot life of the particular resin. The pot life ofa resin may be a measure of the point at which the viscosity of theresin increases to where the resin can no longer be readily manipulated,molded, and applied to a dry fiber structure, and so on. The initialviscosity values of the resin prior to expiration of the resin pot lifemay be in the range of 1-10 cP, for example.

In the illustrated embodiment, the plot 170 shows two curves 176 and178. Curve 176 is a representation of a typical resin employed incomposite repair of piping. The typical resin tends to increase inviscosity fairly rapidly (and exponentially) with a short pot life. Incontrast, curve 178 represents a resin or polymeric material that may bemore appropriate for the present techniques in that the resin viscosityincreases at a slower pace having a higher pot life (e.g., 20-200minutes), and thus, in part, allows for the resin 41 to penetratethrough the dry fiber structure 12 prior to a significant viscosityincrease. However, it may be beneficial to define a window of pot lifetime, because excessive pot life may result in leakage of the resin fromthe pipe repair system 10, excessive repair time, and so on.

Exemplary components and their properties for a resin 41 system for thepresent technique are given in Table 1 below. It should be noted thatthe resin 41 may include pre-polymers, hardeners, polymeric resins, andso on. Indeed, a resin 41 system may typically include the resin (i.e.,a prepolymer which cures to a polymer) and a hardener that facilitatescuring (i.e., crosslinking into a thermoset). Shown in Table 1 is acompendium of formulations depicting the nature of components, theircontribution and exemplary weight levels used in typical formulas. Itshould be emphasized, however, that the present techniques may employcandidate resin systems outside of the tabulated ranges and properties.

The exemplary information in Table 1 demonstrates an exemplarycompromise between various properties of low viscosity, strength,hardness, wetting and reactivity to obtain suitable resin candidatesystems (including the resin and hardener) for the pipe repaircomposite. A consideration is the potentially conflicting needs of lowviscosity components while maintaining adequate strength of thecomposite. Moreover, there is a certain importance to the reactivity ofthe curing agent or hardener (e.g., polyamines) used in the resin 41. Acombination of fast polymerization with extended pot life may allow forcure to happen quickly while allowing enough pot life so that the resin41 adequately penetrates through the fiber 12. In certain examples,attention may focus on lower molecular weight items so that wetting isimproved and not as quickly reduced upon reaction of resin 41 andhardener. Ultimately, upon resin curing, composite strength is measured,for example, by tensile properties of the composite. Further, hardnessof the composite may also be an indicator of the integrity of thecomposite structure. TABLE 1 EXEMPLARY RESIN/POLYMER RANGES ANDFUNCTIONS Amount Material Viscosity MW Function (%) DGEBPA 13,000 cpsApprox 380 Hardness, 25.5-67   Strength, moderate reactivity NPGDGE 18˜280 Low viscosity, 6-9 difunctional Xylene <1 106 Wetting and low  0-0.5 viscosity CHDMDGE 65 ˜340 Low viscosity,   0-25.5 difunctionalCyclic Ester 2 90 Wetting, low 2-3 viscosity and reactivity Modified˜250,000 ˜400 Increased 0-9 DGEBPA reactivity, strength Modified 50Mixture of Low viscosity,  0-16 Amine amines slow even reactionAliphatic 20 ˜160 Low viscosity,   0-5.5 Amine moderate reactivity,strength Modified 2000 >300 Good low  0-19 amine w/ temperature curearomatic with moderate content strength Polyether 80 >300 Lowreactivity,   0-17.5 amine wettingDGEBPA = Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol ANPGDGE = Neopentyl glycol diglycidyl etherCHDMDGE = Cyclo hexane dimethanol diglycidyl etherH. Piping Anomalies and Surveys

The failure, potential failure, or anomaly 16 of the pipe 14 to berepaired may include corrosion, erosion, pitting and so forth that mayreduce the wall thickness and thus, the pressure rating of the pipe 14and the associated pipeline 30. Such a failure or anomaly 16 may bedetected, for example, by a variety of survey and testing techniquesdiscussed below. The failure or anomaly 16 may be defined by depth,area, volume, axial and radial dimensions, and other dimensions andmeasures. In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 2, the failure oranomaly 16 is formed on the outer surface 22 of the pipe 14. However, itshould be emphasized that the present techniques also apply tomitigating internal failures or internal potential failures 16 of thepipe 14.

Piping anomalies 16 may be caused by corrosion, erosion, mechanicaldamage, and so forth. Corrosion may be characterized as a chemical orelectrochemical reaction that propagates over the exposed surface of thepipeline, resulting in failures or potential failures and thinning themetal wall. External corrosion may be caused by the heterogeneous natureof soils for underground piping, and by chemical attack from theenvironment for above-ground piping, for example. Internal corrosion ofpiping may be caused chemical attack of the piping contents on theinside surface of the pipe. Corrosion may be advanced due to thepresence of a localized blemish, such as gouge or scratch in the pipe 14surface or coating. Moreover, internal erosion may occur due to the flowof the contents through the pipeline. Such erosion may be exacerbated bythe presence of particulates in the flowing contents, or by a change inthe direction of the flow of the contents through the pipeline, such asat a piping elbow or tee, for example. Furthermore, mechanical damage,such as inadvertently striking an underground pipeline while digging mayresult in an anomaly on the pipe 14. In any case, whether internal orexternal corrosion/erosion, or mechanical damage, a resulting reductionin the wall thickness 26 of the pipe 14 may unfortunately reduce thepressure rating and/or pressure-holding capacity of the pipe 14 orpipeline 30. As might be expected, operation of an excessively damagedpipeline 30 may be problematic, necessitating the repair, replacement,or abandonment of the pipeline.

In general, the operations and maintenance personnel of piping systemsmay determine if a failure or anomaly 16 discovered in a pipeline 30,for example, should be repaired or if a section of the pipe 14 should bereplaced. Without a doubt, there is an ever increasing need in theindustry for pipe repair techniques that cost-effectively identify andrepair the failure or anomaly 16. On the whole, examples of anomalies 16include localized and generalized imperfections, gashes, gouges,scratches, mechanical damage, erosion, internal and external corrosion,and so on. In general, objectives of pipeline 30 inspection may includethe detection of and sizing of anomalies 16 (e.g., cavities, pits,corroded areas, etc.), and so on. The analysis may determine the number,size, depth, and axial length of the potential failure or anomaly 16 todecide on the required action, such as if the pipe needs to be repairedor replaced.

Operators, technicians, engineers, maintenance personnel, serviceproviders, and so forth, may utilize both external and internal surveysto determine and evaluate the condition of pipeline 30 and its anomalies16, failures, or potential failures to determine if pipe 14 should berepaired or replaced. Survey techniques may include cathodic-protectionpotential surveys to evaluate the effectiveness of external corrosioncontrol system (e.g., coatings) installed on pipelines 28, such astransmission pipelines. Low potentials recorded during these surveys maybe indicative of coating damage, for example. A follow-up externalcoating analysis may pinpoint areas of coating damage on the pipeline30. In general, areas of coating damage may be at high risk for activecorrosion. Other survey techniques include the use of internal tools,such as intelligent pigs which are also called online inspection toolsand smart tools. As appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art,intelligent pigs are devices routed through pipelines and having sensorsto detect metal variations of the pipeline. Additional testingtechniques include an ultrasonic thickness gauge, which may be employedto measure either internal or external corrosion. Furthermore, basicmeasurement tools for external corrosion include straight edges orrulers, pit gauges, scales or profile gauges, bridging bars, and so on.

Pipeline information generated from internal and external surveytechniques may include data on the piping welds, branch connections,valves, wall thickness changes and losses, anomalies, failures,potential failures, and so forth. Moreover, repair standards establishedby the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and otherorganizations and authorities may provide for the assessment andanalysis of pipeline corrosion and anomalies, measurement techniques,and engineering calculations, such as for the calculated burst pressure(or remaining pressure capacity) of the corroded pipe 14. In general, ifthe remaining pressure carrying capacity exceeds the maximal allowableoperating pressure (MAOP) by a sufficient margin, the inspected segmentor pipe 14 may remain in service.

Variables in such calculations and other considerations that may beobtained and analyzed prior to making a repair decision include the pipe14 dimensions, yield strength, anomaly depth, anomaly axial length,geometric shape factor, installation pressure, pipeline MAOP, classlocation, and other applicable pipeline company standards. Furthermore,the operator or service provider may consider the pipeline 30 location,anomaly 16 location on the pipe 14, and the type of anomaly 16. Ofcourse, a repair application may be conditional or modified per themanufacturer or special requirements. Ideally, it is generally desiredthat the repair meet or exceed the strength of the pristine pipe 14 andallow the pipeline 30 to return to service at 100% of is maximumallowable operating pressure (MAOP).

III. Exemplary Reinforcing Materials

In pipe composite repair, the tensile properties of the repairbeneficial to restoration of the 100% MAOP are typically primarilypromoted by the reinforcing fiber element of the system, such as theexemplary dry fiber structure 12 depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3. The dryfiber structure 12 may be constructed of a variety of materials, such asglass, advanced polymers, carbon, organic materials such as Kevlar,inorganic materials such as ceramic, polyester, polyacrylics,polypropylene, Nylon (polyamide fibers), and other materials. Ingeneral, the dry fiber structure 12, such as a fiber mat or tape, may beconfigured to receive a polymeric material such as a resin 41 oradhesive to form a fiber-reinforced composite. For example, the dryfiber structure 12 may have a weave structure to facilitate formation ofa matrix or composite when the polymeric or resin 41 material is appliedto the dry fiber structure 12.

Many types of fibers, such as glass fibers, carbon fibers, and others,may be utilized in the present techniques. Particularly beneficialfibers (i.e., for stiffness, strength and application properties) arecarbon fibers. Many forms of carbon fiber may be used. An exemplary formof useful carbon fiber is woven tape. An advantageous tape constructionmay be unidirectional carbon (warp) with some other non-structural orless structural fiber (glass or polyester) in the weft direction.Exemplary manufacturers of beneficial fibers include: Zoltek, Torah,Cytec, Hexcel (Hercules), Toho, Mitsubishi and Grafil. Exemplary tensilestrength ranges of fibers utilized in the present techniques include 350to 800 thousand pounds per square inch (KSI). Fibers with a modulus ofgreater than 25 million pounds per square inch (MSI) are also effective,for example. However, it should be emphasized that lower and highertensile strengths and moduli can effectively be implemented with thepresent techniques.

Further, it should be noted that fiber tapes and other fiber structurescan be manufactured with a number of constructions. For example, incertain embodiments, the fibers of the dry fiber structure 12 may beunidirectional or omni-directional. Exemplary fibers may be made withcarbon tows (a collection of carbon monofilaments defined as a yarn)made up of 1000 to 50,000 monofilaments woven in various ways to obtainthe fiber content and structure desired. A more particular example is a3-inch tape having 12 warp yarns/inch, constructed from yarn having12,000 monofilaments/inch of fiber having a weight of 12 ounces persquare yard. In yet another example, the dry fiber structure 12 is aplain-weave carbon fabric constructed with 12,000 tows (monofilaments)in a hoop direction and 63,000 tows in the axial direction. In general,the weave structure and other properties of the fiber 12 may bespecified to facilitate penetration of polymeric material (e.g., resin41) into the dry fiber structure 12.

In the illustrated embodiments, application of the dry fiber structure12 to the pipe 14 is straightforward because the dry fiber structure 12may be installed dry without pre-wetting of the dry fiber structure 12.For example, the dry fiber structure 12 (e.g., a carbon fabricreinforcement) is not wetted with polymeric material, such as an epoxyor other resin, prior to applying the dry fiber structure 12 to the pipe14. Moreover, it should be noted that the failure or anomaly 16 of thepipe 14 may be filled with a filler material prior to applying orwrapping the dry fiber structure 12 around the pipe 14. Further, thenumber of wraps or layers of the dry fiber structure 12 around thedamaged pipe 14 may depend on the desired pressure rating or desiredmaximum allowable operating pressure of the repaired piping system.Engineering properties of the dry fiber structure 12 which may beconsidered include the ultimate tensile strength and modulus in thelongitudinal and transverse directions of the dry fiber structure 12(and ultimately the repaired pipe 14). Properties of the cured compositeto be considered may include shear strength, glass transitiontemperature, and the coefficient of thermal expansion, and so on.Finally, as appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, thecompleted repair system 10 may be subjected to a variety of testing todetermine the in-service integrity of the system 10.

IV. Polymeric Repair Material

Exemplary polymeric materials applied to the reinforcing material (e.g.,dry fiber structure 12) may include thermosets or resins 41, such asphenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, amino resins, Nylon,polycarbonates, and so on. Indeed, exemplary fluid resins 41 include anepoxy system, a polyester system, a vinyl ester system, a urethanesystem, or a methacrylate system, or any combination thereof. Exemplarythermoplastics that may be utilized as resin 41 include polyethylene,polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and otherthermoplastics. Further, it should be noted that the polymeric materialor resin applied to the fiber structure 12 may initially be a shortchain prepolymer molecule. For additional details of exemplary materialsand exemplary property ranges, refer to Table 1.

In the case of epoxies, the epoxy resins generally refer to a family ofmolecules or oligomers containing at least one epoxide group. Commonepoxy resins include glycidyl ethers of alcohols or phenolics. Liquidepoxy resin is the typical diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) andrepresents a majority of the resin used in industrial applications.These products are solid or liquid with varying consistencies and havethe ability to react via the epoxy end-groups to generate threedimensional networks providing the final material with rigidity,hardness and the inability or substantial inability to reflow. The finalproducts may be characterized by their electrical properties, adhesion(i.e., facilitated by the presence of polar groups in the epoxy),shrinkage, impact resistance, moisture resistance, and so on. Thisfamily of thermosets is used in many applications like composites,coatings, adhesives and encapsulating materials. The epoxide group onthe end of these molecules serves as the reactive site for crosslinkingin these thermoset polymers. It should be noted that other thermosetswithout epoxide end groups may also be employed with the presenttechniques. For example, urethane prepolymers ending with isocyanategroups may be employed. Further, polyesters having unsaturated groupsmay be used in the pipe repair system 10. As previously emphasized, awide variety of polymer and resin systems may be configured for use inthe repair system 10.

The chemical chosen to react with these epoxides and other resins orthermosets is referred to as the curing agent (or hardener), and ittypically has active hydrogen attached to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur.Commonly, the active hydrogen is either attached to nitrogen or part ofa mercaptan (—SH) group. In the case of epoxy resins, amine curingagents are the most common and can be primary or secondary, aliphatic oraromatic, or cycloaliphatic. The amines typically have greater thanthree reactive sites per molecule that facilitate the formation of athree-dimensional polymer network when mixed with the epoxy resin. Theselection of the curing agent depends on many parameters and maydetermine, to a large extent, the performance of the final epoxythermoset. Moreover, while the reaction of amines and epoxides may takeplace at ambient temperature, care should be taken in the selection ofthe curing agent to insure that a complete reaction takes place. Aminesdesigned for ambient temperature applications may employ plasticizers toinsure complete reaction. Furthermore, amines designed for heat-curedreactions may use little or no plasticizers and typically givethermosets with higher strength and thermal performance.

Chemical cross-linking generally starts as the epoxy resin andnon-latent curing agents are mixed. Curing agents may be slow to reactwith epoxies, such as aromatic amines or anhydrides, and may maintainlow viscosity in larger masses or if heated. Aliphatic amines,cycloaliphatic amines and amidoamines, however, may increase inviscosity rapidly, proportional to the total formulation mass. Curingagents, such as certain cycloaliphatic amines, amidoamines, andaliphatic amines, may be added to the formulation to extend the resin 41pot life slow the viscosity build. As mentioned, processing temperaturesmay play a significant role in determining the properties of the finalcomposite. Moreover, the times and temperatures employed may depend onthe curing agent selection.

In general, a composite may include a material reinforced by fibers orother elements with a discernable aspect ratio of length to thickness.Common fibers employed with epoxies are glass and carbon. However,aramid, boron, and other organic and natural fibers, as previouslyindicated, may also used. Polymers used in composites are typicallythermosets, and their purpose is to transfer the load or stresses to thefiber reinforcement in order to take advantage of the strength andstiffness (modulus) of the fibers. Exemplary fiber volumes may rangefrom 40% to 80%, such volumes calculated based on the desired strength,pressure rating, and other factors of the particular application. Thefinal physical, thermal, electrical and chemical resistance propertiesof the composite are determined by the choice of resin and curing agent,and the cure conditions. In epoxy systems, the parameters to consider inthe selection of the appropriate curing agent for an epoxy resinformulation are viscosity, mass effect, curing cycles, glass transitiontemperatures, fracture toughness, and other factors. The viscosity ofthe formulation should be low enough to substantially penetrate thereinforcing fibers 12. Mixtures of epoxy resin and curing agents havingrelatively higher viscosities may be heated to lower the formulationviscosity. However, heating may reduce the working time by acceleratingthe reaction depending on the type of curing agent.

While the invention may be susceptible to various modifications andalternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way ofexample in the drawings and have been described in detail herein.However, it should be understood that the invention is not intended tobe limited to the particular forms disclosed. Rather, the invention isto cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling withinthe spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the followingappended claims.

1. A method of reinforcing a portion of a pipe, comprising: applying afiber structure without a resin to the portion of the pipe to bereinforced; and applying a resin to the fiber structure on the pipe toimpregnate the dry fiber structure.
 2. The method as recited in claim 1,wherein the fiber structure comprises carbon fibers and the polymericmaterial comprises an epoxy system.
 3. The method as recited in claim 1,wherein the resin comprises a thermoset resin system.
 4. A method ofreinforcing an object, comprising: applying a fiber structure to asurface of the object; disposing a polymeric material on the fiberstructure to substantially saturate the fiber structure; and permittingthe polymeric material to cure to form a composite of the fiberstructure and the polymeric material on the surface of the object. 5.The method as recited in claim 4, wherein the object comprises a vessel,a pipe, a nozzle, or any combination thereof.
 6. (canceled) 7.(canceled)
 8. (canceled)
 9. The method as recited in claim 4, whereinthe fiber structure is self-wetting.
 10. The method as recited in claim4, wherein the properties of the fiber structure and the polymericmaterial facilitate saturation of the fiber structure withoutapplication of external pressure.
 11. The method as recited in claim 4,wherein the polymeric material penetrates through the fiber structure tothe surface of the object by gravity or capillary action, or acombination thereof
 12. The method as recited in claim 4, whereinapplying the fiber structure comprises wrapping the fiber structurearound an outer surface of the object.
 13. The method as recited inclaim 4, wherein the fiber structure is not impregnated with polymericmaterial prior to or while applying the fiber structure to the object.14. A method of repairing a pipeline, comprising: applying a dry fibermaterial around an anomaly on a segment of the pipeline; pouring aliquid resin onto the dry fiber material on the segment of the pipelineto substantially saturate the dry fiber material; and allowing theliquid resin to cure to form a repair composite over the anomaly on thesegment of the pipeline.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein allowingthe liquid resin to cure forms a reinforced polymeric composite andincreases the pressure rating or operating pressure capacity of thepipeline.
 16. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein applying thedry fiber material comprises wrapping a dry fiber tape over the anomalyon the segment of the pipeline.
 17. The method as recited in claim 14,wherein the anomaly comprises a cavity disposed on an outer surface ofthe segment of the pipeline.
 18. The method as recited in claim 14,comprising pre-treating the anomaly prior to applying the dry fibermaterial.
 19. The method as recited in claim 14, wherein pre-treatingcomprises grinding the anomaly, sanding the anomaly, cleaning theanomaly, or placing a filler material in the anomaly, or any combinationthereof
 20. (canceled)
 21. The method as recited in claim 14, whereinthe liquid resin comprises an epoxy having solid particulates.
 22. Arepaired pipe, comprising: a reinforcing material applied dry to asurface of the pipe and saturated with a polymeric material, wherein thereinforcing material is configured to be applied to the surface of thepipe without the polymeric material, and wherein the polymeric materialis configured to substantially saturate the reinforcing material afterthe reinforcing material has been applied to the surface of the pipe.23. The method as recited in claim 22, wherein the reinforcing materialcomprises a fiber structure.
 24. A repaired pipe, comprising: aself-wetting reinforcing structure disposed on an outer surface of thepipe; and a cured polymeric material impregnating the self-wettingreinforcement structure.
 25. The method as recited in claim 24, whereinthe reinforcing material comprises a fiber structure.
 26. A system forrepairing a pipe, comprising: a dry fiber configured to wrap around thepipe and to receive a resin after installation of the dry fiber on thepipe; and a fluid resin formulated to be poured onto the dry fiber afterinstallation on the pipe to penetrate the dry fiber and to form acomposite with the penetrated dry fiber on the portion of the pipe. 27.The system as recited in claim 26, wherein the pot life of the fluidresin is in the range of 20 minutes to 200 minutes.
 28. (canceled) 29.(canceled)
 30. The system as recited in claim 26, wherein a tensilestrength of the dry fiber is in the range of 350,000 to 800,000 poundsper square inch.
 31. The system as recited in claim 26, wherein thefluid resin comprises an epoxy system, a polyester system, a vinyl estersystem, a urethane system, or a methacrylate system, or any combinationthereof
 32. The system as recited in claim 26, wherein the fluid resincomprises solid particulates.